PRICE OF CHARCOAL HAS RISEN UPTO SEVEN HUDRED SHILLINGS PER A LARGE BAG

Prices of things have recently risen to an abnormal level in Kericho town recently and now there is need for the attention of those who are in power to go and find out the causes of the steep rise in the prices of the essential commodities in the home .This started happening less than three weeks after the then minister for finance, The former Hon. Amos Kimunya.

The latest shocking rice in price is that of charcoal .The price of one bag of charcoal has been going for between two hundred and fifty shillings and three hundred shillings and has never risen to as high as seven hundred .On Sunday ,September the seventh of the year two thousand and eight ,we were shocked to witness a bag of charcoal selling at seven hundred shillings and we were very sure that the two people the customer and the seller weren't mentally sick people .They knew what they were doing.

The cause of the sharp rise in the price of charcoal can not be known to the ordinary people, it needs the explanations of the experts. It could be the current unrest in the current following the government’s efforts to save him Mau forest from destruction by illegal charcoal burners and timber manufacturers and other illegal users of the forest who destroy the forest by using it painlessly.

The prices of charcoal in the slum estates of this town had sharply risen from the normal twenty shillings per a tin to thirty shillings for the same quantity of charcoal. That is too sharp compared to the normal conditions of life in those places .Inflation is really biting on us in the slums and we need some good Samaritans to take a step about this situations

And the price of maize flour has risen to twenty five shillings from the normal twenty shillings .That is only according to what we come across in our daily lives in the slums ,otherwise ,it could perhaps be worse than that in the other levels of life .thee have been some murmuring from few people in the super markets that ,things are the same with hem .whatever the situation is ,but it is too bad in the slums .

A tin of the small fish popularly known as Omena or dagaa in the slums ,sells at two hundred shillings from the one hundred or one hundred and twenty shillings normal price .So ,there is nothing that goes below twenty shillings in the slums in this town .Usually ,forty shillings is always enough for preparing a lunch time meal in this town but things have worsened such that preparing a meal is not possible without a hundred shillings ,and that is just for one meal .Four three meals a day ,you are supposed to have three hundred shillings daily while the lowest in comes on the streets are only a hundred and fifty shillings per a day .

Prices a rising every morning such that if the concerned experts do not take action quickly, soon they will be going in hundreds of shillings, just the way it is with Kenya ’s neighbors.
Published: 2008-09-08
Author: john ambuli
About the author or the publisher
I'm a Kenyan .I'm thirty nine years old and i read up to the O level in my country and i do freelance news reporting at the Kenya news agency offices in Kericho kenya.

Saoirse, Freeconomy Founder, Walks His Talk Of Freedom

A hero walks the earth out there somewhere in our midst in pursuit of freedom. His name is Saoirse.

He walks to prove to the world and himself that, contrary to popular belief, money is not the survival need that it’s presumed to be. Freedom from money entirely is possible.

Saoirse already set a movement in motion when in 2007 he launched [url=www.justfortheloveofit.org]Freeconomy[/url] as an on-line means of mobilising global citizens. He began building a network of local communities who enjoy freedom from profit-driven motives through a free system of skills, jobs, tools and even land sharing.

After the ball started to roll on that project, generating momentum with great worldwide interest, Saoirse turned his focus to a next formidable task: to pilgrimage across two continents from his home in Bristol, UK, to Porbandar, India, walking the whole 10,000km distance on foot and free of money. Rather, he trusts his way will attract the support he requires by engaging with the people he meets and offering to help them in exchange for food or other assistance.

On the rare sunny morning of January 30, 2008, Saoirse set off on his epic journey for freedom, scheduled to coincide with the 60th anniversary of his personal hero’s death, Mahatma Gandhi, who advised, "You must be the change you wish to see in the world."

Originally from Northern Ireland, 28, Saoirse’s name means ‘Freedom’ in Gaelic, which suits well the young man who devotes now his life to achieving socio-economic freedom. Born into a culture of ideologies in conflict, his story is an inspiring model for one man’s willful quest in pursuit of his visionary ideal, in this case challenging the existing paradigm of what means financial freedom with a realisable alternative to profit, being just for the love of it.

Nearly a decade ago, while attending classes in pursuit of a business degree, Saoirse first watched the historic film, Gandhi, which sparked a revolution of his own views toward the role and organisation of society. Suddenly, the teachings of his school were held under a new light of ethical scrutiny, as self-motivated gains of material wealth no longer appealed in the way they once had. Instead, Saoirse’s focus shifted to studying Gandhi’s message and its implications for freedom in the comparative scope of modern economics.

Having attained his degree, Saoirse turned to global and local activism in pursuit of ethical and environmental successes for the betterment of our world. However, after many years campaigning for a wide variety of social causes, Saoirse identified them actually as all being mere sympoms of one underlying root cause: money and credit as the primary barriers to freedom around the world. "I feel that as long as we have money we will never have true non-violence or real community."

Observing two forms of poverty prevalent in today’s world, that being spiritual and material poverty, it became self-evident that money offers neither happiness nor freedom. Too often, money and credit combined is the principle factor causing directly or indirectly the vast majority of societal ills, such as human rights abuses, war, famine, disease, environmental destruction, global warming, etc. Furthermore, Saoirse says, many of the quick fix solutions presented today, such as replacing old with new biodegradable plastic bags in an otherwise uninterrupted tide of unsustainability, will not remedy these symptoms if the underlying problem of greed for materialism continues unabated.

Saoirse, tired of battling what seemed an endless struggle to relieve the many symptoms, resolved to strike money out of the equation altogether and thereby solve most problems at their source in a grassroots way. Freedom need not wait for policy-makers in office who have tended to be slow at effecting change. He calls Freeconomy “homeopathy for society.”

Freeconomy is born out of this need to “transition from a money-based communityless society to a community-based moneyless [one].”

The world, it appears, eagerly awaited this worthwhile solution to ease its feeling of spiritual poverty from decades of lacking community among individuals. Immediately, Freeconomy grew at a remarkable rate of approximately 20 new members per day worldwide, and membership has swollen to over 4000 people representing 79 different nations. The potential for global change is promising, as each one may enlist others in their local community to form a moneyless support network founded on the principles of love and freedom.

Saoirse explains, "we are at a very crucial point in history with the looming threat of peak oil and climate change." Eventually, oil resources will run out or become too expensive for use by the existing systems of trade and commerce. Human civilisation is in a period of transition to what will follow in a post-peak oil scenario, but that countdown doesn’t lead necessarily to catastrophe if people utilise the tools available to them now in advance. One such tool is the global communications capacity of the internet to organise, share knowledge and prepare so that freedom may be realised rather than recovered from in the wake of disaster.

Saoirse’s vision for society is guided by ecological principles: "You need complete harmony between the individual and the community, like you need to respect the individuals because we're all individuals, but you also need to remember we're all interdependent." In the dialectical growth of societies, it seems that the antitheses of capitalist and communist positions may reconcile in a new synthesis, an ecological model for human organisation with compelled by the external pressure of global environmental change, thus redefining the very concept of what means ‘freedom.’

Freeconomy, backed by the powerful example of Saoirse’s courage and faith over these long months ahead, offers world citizens the inspiration and means to make the necessary steps to freedom in their own lives and at a scale that’s manageable within their local communities.

Saoirse has ignited a veritable wildfire that now spreads exponentially with his message of freedom for all.
Published: 2008-02-18
Author: Taylor Judson
About the author or the publisher
Born in Canada, 1975, completed BA & BEd degrees at Queen's University, specializing in Outdoor & Experiential Education. Traveled extensively as an international school teacher, wilderness guide, and whitewater paddler, while pursuing a higher path of spiritual study. Now based in Switzerland where works as a children's author, freelance journalist, massage therapist and healer.

After The Recession

Another Point of View

by James Leonard-Williams

‘America still thinks it has to run the world(1).’
Well – I beg to differ.

“The half millennium during which Europe was the world's primary generator of war - as well as of wealth and knowledge - is coming to a close. But, for better and for worse, Europe's past could be Asia's future.”

Aaron Friedberg(2)- ‘International Security’ (the journal)

One might rephrase that slightly as:
The half century, during which the United States has been the world's primary generator of war - as well as wealth and knowledge, is coming to a close. But, it is better for, Europe, Asia and Africa's future.

Everyone assumes that America has to remain the dominant military and economic force in the world.

“Why?”

Just because ‘everyone’ believes something doesn’t necessarily make it true.

It wasn’t until 1996 that the Catholic Church ‘officially’ admitted to it’s 1.1 billion adherents, that evolution was ‘more than just a hypothesis’ and that the world might not be flat - after a thousand years of insisting that it was.

Just because all the economic rules and business models are written by Americans - for Americans – does not mean that they are necessarily right or that they are unalterable.
How long has America been a dominant force in the world? Not long actually – a smidgen over fifty years.

World Population
The world population stands at something over 6.6 billion.

Of this, China makes up more than 1.3 billion and India, over 1.1 - that’s just two sovereign states with more than a third of the total population of the world.

If you add in the other S.E. Asian countries (NOT including Australia which – let’s face it - is insignificant with a population of less than two thirds that of Morocco) you have more than half of the entire world population!

If you then take Europe with 0.7 billion and Africa 0.9 billion, together the Eastern Hemisphere contains over 85% of the entire world’s people!

The USA has a mere 304,341,000. Together, North America with 515,000,000 and South America with 371,000,000 has only 14% of the world’s population - less than Africa!

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the United States – 8% of the world’s population contained most of the world’s billionaires and controlled a disproportionate percentage of the world’s wealth.

But things have changed and are changing – rapidly.

So – What if?
What if the American led recession is NOT a ‘flash-in-the-pan’ but gets deeper and lasts into 2010?

1. The American war machine will still be inextricably bogged-down in Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan, draining the bankrupt US economy further.

2. Europe’s economy will have declined - dragged down by the United States.

3. India and China’s economies will have expanded and – as they have grown - they will have bought-up core Western industries AND institutions.

4. Middle Eastern and oil-rich Sovereign Wealth Funds will own most of the worlds stock exchanges and international banks.

5. The World Bank and International Monetary Fund will be owned by China and India.

6. A new World Court will have been set up in Taiwan.

7. The United Nations will have been abolished as being a farce.

8. The financial rulebooks will have all been re-written by Indians and Chinese.


When America starts to re-emerge from its self-imposed recession it will find itself in a different world and as an ‘emerging economy’ – one that has to obey the rules not make them and break them – it will scream ‘NOT FAIR’ and it will be able to do NOTHING.

East and West

But now look at the two hemispheres.

There is the West – North and South America – and between them hold less than 1 billion – just 14% of the world’s people. It is just one big island, isolated from the rest of the world by the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and with no love lost between the northern and southern parts.

And there is the East – Europe, Africa and Asia – with 86% of the entire population and all neatly interconnected by land and sea – one vast trading block.

What if 92% of the world summoned the 8% that forms the United States to an international court to answer charges of genocide?

What if that World Court ordered the United States to give it all back to the Native Americans?

That’s not possible! Why not?

Didn’t the United States do exactly that with South Africa? Just who the hell were they to tell ANYONE what they should do?

Jan van Riebeeck landed at the Cape of Good Hope with the 90 men in 1652 and set-up-shop for the Dutch East India Company - only 32 years after the Pilgrim Fathers left Plymouth. The Dutch variety of Puritanism – fundamentalism - was at the root of each group.

If there is any difference between the bloody colonisation of the two continents it is that the African colonialists regarded the indigenous people as a valuable resource – to be used and abused – bought and sold. The American colonialist simply slaughtered the indigenous people and then imported slaves from Africa to do the work.

Of course, if a World Court were to do that, America would scream ‘NOT FAIR’ and again it will be unable to do ANYTHING.

Well not quite. It will still have a disproportionate percentage of the world’s supply of nuclear weapons. It will threaten to use them and if it were really so stupid as to do that, Russia, China, India and Pakistan would totally annihilate the entire sub-continent of North America once and for all.

The only regret is that they will also annihilate the 1% that are Native Americans but they might actually be glad to be relived of the burden of misery that has been imposed on them for the past couple of centuries.

The world may then have a chance to re-group and get on with life, and history will look back at the last hundred years as being ‘a short and unfortunate glitch’.

Unthinkable – I don’t think so.
America only started to exert its massive economic clout around the world after the First World War. America’s lethal addiction to the motorcar led the quest for something cheap to slake its insatiable thirst for oil.

But it was only after the end of the Second World War that it started to nurture the idea of being a world dominating power.

If – as now seems more than probable – the United States was dragged unwillingly into a war it didn’t want, by Winston Churchill arranging the attack on Pearl Harbour – then it was the single most damaging thing done to world peace before or since.

America saw Pearl Harbour as ‘a sneaky attack’. Of course – no American immigrant had ever done anything ‘sneaky’ in the entire short history of the country and all the more reason for being indignant at it being done to them.

So - having once removed most of Japan's strike power, Uncle Sam used the concept of sneakiness to stoke a relentless war that has continued unabated ever since.
First it was used as an excuse to free the Japanese conquests, then to remove Japan herself. Next it turned it’s liberating zeal on Europe, Germany and her sneaky Italian allies.

Having (single-handedly in their own eyes) freed the entire world from tyranny, what better than to turn suspicion on your sneaky allies – the Soviet Union. In "scaring hell out of the American people," (Senator Arthur Vandenberg – 1947) Washington was able to set about creating a U.S.-dominated world order – with the support of its population.

The collapse of communism didn’t help Washington’s cause one bit – a world with nothing to fear was not in their game plan so a new fear was needed – a War on Terror ‘to protect our nation’.

Some nation – but as it was the first major colony to successfully revolt against colonial rule, it can make the dubious claim to be the first 'new nation’ - made up from over 50,000 convicts, totally ruthless traders and religious zealots with a persecution complex - all run by the Catholic and Jewish mafias.


The America that greeted the first Europeans was most certainly NOT a vast empty wilderness. There were probably as many people living in the Western Hemisphere as in Western Europe at that time - about 40 million and the number of Native Americans living in what is now the United States - at the start of European colonisation was anything up to 18 million – seve times more than there are left today!!

It is curious but American historians sill routinely refer to “Native-American uprisings”.

Weren’t these indigenous people of the land, just trying to protect their own country – their human rights?

Weren’t they just being forced into their own ‘War on Terrorism’?

Weren’t they being invaded and ruthlessly slaughtered by people who did it – not because of any act of aggression on the part of the Native Americans against Europe – but because Europeans felt that they had some god-given right to hijack an entire continent?

There are now only about 2.5 million ‘Pure’ Native Americans - less than 1 percent of the total U.S. population and they are one of the smallest ethnic groups in the country. Ironic as it is the fact their country.

So, 99% of the god-fearing Americans - or their direct forebearers abandoned their own countires (in order to emigrate and become ‘Americans’). Two hundred years and 163 aggressions later, having successfully slaughtered virtually the entire population of native Americans (probably on of history’s greatest acts of genocide) – somehow - they still feel persecuted.

Shouldn’t they find out how to run their own countries before trying to run the world?

“What,” one might well ask, “is the promise of America?”
“IBM – or – Insh’Allah, Bookhrah, Mâafeesh”

1. The Atlantic Monthly; June 1996; Why America Thinks It Has to Run the World; Volume 277, No. 6; pages 92-102.
2. Aaron Louis Friedberg (born 1956) served as deputy assistant for national-security affairs and director of policy planning in the office of the Vice President of the United States -2003 - 05.

james@lw.ma
Published: 2008-08-08
Author: James Leonard-Williams
About the author or the publisher
Born in 1948 in West Devon, educated in middle England, I have worked as an architect overseas since 1978. In 1999 I realised that 75% of my working life was spent chasing money that people had no intention of paying me. Since then life is a matter of survival and 'bread on table' is the order of the day. I live in Morocco and most of my time has been now directed towards preventing the government from destroying my wife’s village. What do I do otherwise? Architecting, teaching fix-you-up-and-get-you-home English, writing, journalism, radio and translating - and any other gainful employment.

Organizational Response to Customer Dispersion

Concentration, the degree to which factors are distributed in the environment, can have differing effects on an organization's activities. Whether factors are concentrated in one or several locations, managers must be able to identify their location and develop methods for using them. When factors are concentrated in one location, transportation costs can be reduced because members need not travel to multiple locations to get them. When factors are dispersed, or evenly distributed in the environment, the cost of learning about those factors increases, as does the cost of transportation to and from the factors.

Thus, organizations in a concentrated environment will realize more efficiency in their operations is necessary than organizations in a dispersed environment.

Many firms have responded to customer dispersion by providing mail-order services. Sears, of course, developed this idea before the turn of the century through its catalogs. Some companies, such as Lands' End and many seed stores, use mail order almost exclusively to reach their customers. On the other hand, political lobbyists spend most of their time in Washington, D.C., because that is where most of the political factors are concentrated. Many brokerage firms locate in New York City because of the concentration of financial markets. And steel companies prefer to locate in the upper Midwest because ore and labor are concentrated in this region.


Published: 2007-05-12
Author: Martin Hahn
About the author or the publisher
Martin Hahn PhD has received his education and degrees in Europe in organizational/industrial sociology. He grew up in South-East Asia and moved to Europe to get his tertiary education and gain experience in the fields of scientific research, radio journalism, and management consulting.

After living in Europe for 12 years, he moved to South-East again and has worked for the last 12 years as a management consultant, university lecturer, corporate trainer, and international school administrator
www.martin-hahn.net

Impact of Capitalism, egalitarian and Marxism on Paradigms' Scope of World’s Public Administration

The following research will examine the role of public administration on a global scale and how does its prevalence and scope vary according to the different paradigms of national government. In this essay, we shall attempt to analyze how the concept of philanthropy and social justice is viewed by the most populous countries and the impact of free market capitalism, egalitarian theory and Marxist influence on the world structure of public administration systems in the world...

The role of public administration varies widely throughout the globe. Every national government imprints its own particular stamp on how prevalent public administration is and what the particular foci might be.

As an example, in Ghana (West Africa), the post-colonial system has discovered a far more harmonious path to public administration.
The Ghanaian King of Asante, Otumfuo Osei Tutu II, has maintained the position that the system of administration in the country should never revert to its ancestral format. He has propounded that a system which is built upon the best of both worlds would be most appropriate in these modern times (Ankomah 2009, 12).

The system of public administration in Ghana is reflected in the fact that the country is one of the most stable in the entire African continent and the economy is thriving. Furthermore, the social conditions of the people are improving gradually and the cultural character of the nation has not been lost in the process.

Ghana is a shining example of a post-colonial nation state which has deftly bridged the divide between ancient systems and modernity, and has created its own successful brand of hybridized public administration.

Contrary to the aforementioned example, the government of Zimbabwe, led by the dictator Robert Mugabe, has been mainly focused on the eviction of white settlers from their ancestral farms. This post-colonial reaction has created widespread disruption to economy. The government has lost focus on other spheres of public administration and the farms’ new African management simply has never been able to recreate the same level of productivity. Additionally, the international condemnation and economic penalties imposed on Zimbabwe “has led to a catastrophic collapse of the Zimbabwean economy, which is now being rebuilt by the Inclusive Government” (Cush 2009, 30).

In Dr Congo, there is no tolerance of any opposition voice. The elected government seems to have relaxed the principles of liberal democracy. There is no difference between loyal opposition and enemy (BBC World). For example, in Democratic Republic of Congo, government seems to have government and parliament parallel to the established institutions. Institutions are being overshadowed by presidential decrees and executive powers which are omnipotent and ready to fire, detain or even kill whoever stands to make opposite claims.

The previously mentioned example of Ghana is practically a polar opposite of Zimbabwe and Democratic Republic of Congo..

Indonesia is the most populous Muslim nation in the world. Public administration is directly affected by the strict ideological framework by which all governance is operated in the country. The system is quite vertical and there is little possibility of the general public challenging those in charge for fear of imprisonment or execution due to zealotry of those in power. In the realm of public administration, “Bureaucrats thus play their role in allocating the budget without being governed or monitored by the public” (Kristiansen et al. 2009, 82). It is far too easy for anyone critiquing the performance of a bureaucrat to be branded as “anti-Islam,” which of course is a crime punishable by death in Indonesia.

The country of Pakistan has the third largest amount of Muslim population of any country in the world. Pakistan is a nation which has garnered much news as of late as the incoming Obama administration no longer has to hide behind Bush-era rhetoric and has openly branded the country as the center of al-Qaeda and the War on Terror.
“Over the course of Pakistan’s short history, the influence of the military on the government, even in times of ostensibly civilian rule, has ensured that the land of the pure has only ever been wandering in foothills of democracy” (Gregory & Revill 2008, 39). Military dictatorships and Islamic extremism control public administration in Pakistan.

The booming economy in Russia has been a battlefield between the remnants of the former Soviet government and the oligarchy. In the Public administration there is a construct of the struggle between these forces, reminiscent of the prior authoritarian polemics (Mezhuev 2009, 28). An excellent example of this issue is found in the control of Yukos, the oil and gas giant. Oligarch Mikhail Khodorkovsky was imprisoned when Yukos was nationalized by the Russian government. Vladimir Putin cited the need for the public to have a greater share in the earnings of Yukos, and used the excuse of tax evasion to grab Khodorkovsky and his billions.

The Chinese communist government emphasizes the value of family as a cornerstone of the culture and a hallmark of the philanthropic approach to the needs of society. Yet, the facts on the ground indicate otherwise. In large public projects such as the Shenzhen–Hong Kong Western Corridor project or the Three Gorges Dam project, massive relocation has been undertaken. The handling of these types of projects has been characterized by vacuous rhetoric which has attempted to patronize the public. The former important component of family has been cast aside in reference to the justification for public projects (Chun 2007, 56). Some of these projects are the most criticized public projects from a social and environmental standpoint ever undertaken in the history of civilization. Unfortunately, the sphere for complaints, involvement, and redress are almost non-existent in the authoritarian Chinese system.

In rural China, the ancient system of collective reliance has been replaced by the authoritarian system. However, the former system was far more successful in implementing projects which were in the interest of society while retaining cultural character. “Although modern factors have destroyed the cultural and institutional foundations of traditional functional organizations, the former cannot immediately replace traditional organizations in helping to provide public goods, so there is an impetus for the continuation of traditional functional Organizations” (Xuefeng 2008, 17). Again, there is no mechanism by which social justice can even be addressed. Anyone who is too critical of the government faces the strong possibility of being incarcerated, tortured, or perhaps having their families undergo similar treatment.

The second most populous country in the world is quite a different situation. The secular democracy of India exists with a strong sense of its ancient philanthropic ideals. Furthermore, the system is continually being improved so that that the mechanisms for public scrutiny of Governance is elucidated in the Indian government web portal. This portal is designed such there is a single point of entry to all government websites (Ribiero 2006, 16). This enhanced online system is an example of how India has bridged the fact that it is the largest software producer in the world to making this technological reality reach the needs of the common people.

As another example, in the Silicon Valley of India, the city of Bangalore, the Bangalore Agenda Task Force (BATF) Initiative, which launched in 1999, had an emphasis which was focused “upon augmenting the capacity of those agencies - through the provision of fresh funds, new technologies and methods, technical specialists contracted in, and the opening of the agencies to greater public participation and scrutiny” (Manor 2007, 447).

In concluding with impressive record of India. What might be an example of a rarity in the modern world, the public perception of how well the government is functioning is marked by unprecedented positive feedback that public needs are being met. At the same time, one of the biggest goals of public policy in India is in addressing the 35% of the population which still is poor (Singh 2005, 56). But the character of ideologically driven philanthropy and the mechanisms for social justice have allowed the country to build a more stable economy than almost any country in the world. This fact is supported by the sheer numerical mass of the largest middle class in the world. It is evidence that public administrators, when taking the needs of people into account, can help build a vibrant and successful society.
 
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Bibliography
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Chun, Liu. 2007. "How Does Morality Evaluate Public Works?." Chinese Sociology &
Anthropology 40, no. 2: 35-64. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed July 9, 2009).

Cush, Ifa Kamau. 2009. "America's misguided stance on Zimbabwe." New African , no. 485: 28-
30. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed July 9, 2009).

Gregory, Shaun, and James Revill. 2008. "The role of the military in the cohesion and stability of
Pakistan." Contemporary South Asia 16, no. 1: 39-61. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed July 9, 2009).

Kristiansen, Stein, Dwiyanto, Agus, Pramusinto, Agus, and Erwan Agus Putranto. 2009.
"Public Sector Reforms and Financial Transparency: Experiences from Indonesian Districts." Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International & Strategic Affairs 31, no. 1: 64-87. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed July 9, 2009).

Manor, James. 2007. "Successful Governance Reforms in Two Indian States: Karnataka and
Andhra Pradesh." Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 45, no. 4: 425-451. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed July 9, 2009).

Mezhuev, V. M. 2009. "I Would Prefer to Speak of Democratic Sovereignty." Russian Studies in
Philosophy 47, no. 4: 26-32. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed July 9, 2009).

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16. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed July 9, 2009).

Singh, Amita. 2005. "INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE THEORY: CONTEXT AND
EPISTEMOLOGY." Administrative Theory & Praxis (Administrative Theory & Praxis) 27, no. 1: 51-80. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed July 9, 2009).

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Action." Chinese Sociology & Anthropology 41, no. 1: 10-29. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed July 9, 2009).
Published: 2009-10-02
Author: Sapard Vincent-de Paul Mozes Tshimankinda N. KALALA
About the author or the publisher
-International Counsel & LAW SOCIETY OF UPPER CANADA and Ghana (Barrister - Solicitor)
-BA, BS, MA, LLB, LLD, MBA & PhD
President-Founder of NPPPC in D R Congo
www.npppc.org

Homogeneous and Heterogenous Environments of Organizations

Complexity is the degree of similarity or diversity between the factors in an organization's environment. When factors are similar, the environment is referred to as homogeneous. When factors are diverse, the environment is referred to as heterogeneous.

Organizations operating in homogeneous environments can specialize in producing one good or service to be distributed to the market. Homogeneous environments also allow an organization to simplify its operations as the knowledge and skills required of managers and workers are related to one product. Heterogeneous environments, on the other hand, require an organization to provide diverse products and services to the market. Managers operating in heterogeneous environments, therefore, must be knowledgeable in many areas and develop multiple skills to be effective. When organizations expand their market, they often move to a more heterogeneous environment.

Hospitals operate in a heterogeneous environment. Providing health care to patients requires the use of multiple skills and techniques depending on whether patients need diagnostic services, surgery, or treatment for diseases. In addition, many hospitals are now providing patients with "wellness" programs including exercise programs, health seminars, and rehabilitation. Hospitals are responding not only to complexity among patients but also to a wide range of regulations, economic conditions, and diverse technologies. In contrast, many chiropractic clinics operate in a relatively homogeneous environment by offering one service to their patients.
Published: 2007-05-12
Author: Martin Hahn
About the author or the publisher
Martin Hahn PhD has received his education and degrees in Europe in organizational/industrial sociology. He grew up in South-East Asia and moved to Europe to get his tertiary education and gain experience in the fields of scientific research, radio journalism, and management consulting.

After living in Europe for 12 years, he moved to South-East again and has worked for the last 12 years as a management consultant, university lecturer, corporate trainer, and international school administrator
www.martin-hahn.net

Economics of Overpopulation

Currently, there are near seven million people living on the planet, Earth. The population will double in the next twenty years. This unrestrained and irresponsible growth represents problems and opportunities for people and companies.

For people, there will be fighting for and chasing after limited and scarce resources. The Earth only has so much land and resources. The law of supply and demand says the prices of products and items depend on the amount available and the level of demand. Prices will eventually skyrocket. Prices, at the present time, are rising and will continue to rise.

More people means more competition for jobs. Large companies move their operations to developing countries because the largest expense component of operating costs is labor. Thousands of people in these countries are willing to work for low wages. And the more increasing population, the more people are willing to take any job at any wage level.

Workers in developed and higher income countries will see their jobs disappear to undeveloped nations. The standard of living for these higher income workers will decrease. Many people will lose their jobs. Eventually, the economies of these countries will suffer.
The winners are the multinational companies able to move their operations where the price of labor is much lower. These companies can produce products in developing nations and then sell the products in higher income nations. The bottom line profit will improve for these companies.

Not only are expenses lower but large, growing populations means more consumers to buy the products. Sales will increase. The growth of sales is only limited by the growth of population.

And companies advertizing in the media can encourage population growth by explicitly showing sex and sexual attraction as a means of increasing sales. Companies know that sex sells products, more sex-more sales.

Overall, the future looks bright for multinational companies. On the other hand, the uncontrolled growth of population is a serious threat to the stability of the world.

Published: 2009-10-27
Author: Fred Westmark
About the author or the publisher
Fred W. is a freelance writer of six film scripts, three novels, twenty-five short stories, and many blogs. He enjoys football and reading English authors. Traveling is a passion for him. He also writes articles on privacy for an Internet newsletter on freebooter.com.

He is an avid and serious student of history. His favorite historical characters are Skooby Doo and Dr Who. Seriously, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the French and American Revolution interest him.

He teaches collegW